Il quartiere ellenistico-romano di Agrigento. É stato possibile ricostruire verosimilmente la struttura grazie a molteplici raffigurazioni che sono giunte fino a noi, bassorilievi ma in particolare di un bellissimo mosaico presente nella villa di Piazza Armerina, dove ben si vede la struttura della spina, l’obelisco e le carrozze che corrono. Racing teams might have been used as early as the Regal era (according to some later Roman traditions), or as late as the end of the Punic Wars. Il Circo Massimo è un antico circo romano, dedicato alle corse di cavalli, costruito a Roma. Jean Sorabella, "A Roman Sarcophagus and Its Patron". At its southern end, a small segment of the original stadium remains along with a 12th-century tower known as the Torre della Moletta. The Circus site now functions as a large park area, in the centre of the city. [15], In Livy's history of Rome, the first Etruscan king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, built raised, wooden perimeter seating at the Circus for Rome's highest echelons (the equites and patricians), probably midway along the Palatine straight, with an awning against the sun and rain. Oltre alle immagini nel visore, su richiesta, si possono avere video o altre immagini riprese da altre prospettive. The tower in the foreground is part of a medieval fortification. © Copyright 2017 Altair4 Multimedia - Tutti i diritti sono riservati. Wooden bleachers for the Roman masses were an expedient, cost-effective solution. The greater ludi ([4]meaning sport or game in latin) at the Circus began with a flamboyant parade (pompa circensis), much like the triumphal procession, which marked the purpose of the games and introduced the participants. Others might be given to fulfill a religious vow, such as the games in celebration of a triumph. Edificato ai tempi di Tarquinio Prisco, ha in seguito avuto moltissimi mutamenti. Her cult was closely identified with that of Diana, who seems to have been represented in the processions that started Circus games, and with Sol Indiges, usually identified as her brother. Nero, inordinately fond of chariot-racing, may have considered the Circus rebuilding a priority but the overall cost of Rome's rebuilding must have proved an extraordinary drain on Imperial and public funds. The lower levels, ever prone to flooding, were gradually buried under waterlogged alluvial soil and accumulated debris, so that the original track is now buried 6 meters beneath the modern surface. Nel 293 a. C. furono realizzate, sempre in legno, le gabbie di partenza dei carri, chiamate “carceres”. The 600m track circled a wooden dividing island with ornate lap indicators and Egyptian obelisks. It remained in situ until 1910 when it was relocated to the edge of Rome. La spina era decorata da un obelisco e da sette delfini di bronzo che servivano a contare i giri della corsa. He modestly claimed credit only for an obelisk and pulvinar at the site but both were major projects. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8Thra4T80c)- AP Archive. Under Trajan, the Circus Maximus found its definitive form, which was unchanged thereafter save for some monumental additions by later emperors, an extensive, planned rebuilding of the starting gate area under Caracalla, and repairs and renewals to existing fabric. [25] When the Romans adopted the Phrygian Great Mother as an ancestral deity, a statue of her on lion-back was erected within the circus, probably on the dividing barrier. The total number of seats is uncertain, but was probably in the order of 150,000;[28] Pliny the Elder's estimate of 250,000 is unlikely. http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/c195a43af063a416da53a7ec15430ef2. Here you can explore the corridors that led to the tiered seating, as well as shops, taverns, even latrines. It measured 621 m (2,037 ft) in length and 118 m (387 ft) in width and could accommodate over 150,000 spectators. In the 11th century, the Circus was "replaced by dwellings rented out by the congregation of Saint-Guy. [50] Some early connection is likely between Ceres as goddess of grain crops and Consus as a god of grain storage and patron of the Circus. The Consualia, with its semi-mythical establishment by Romulus, and the Cerealia, the major festival of Ceres, were probably older than the earliest historically attested "Roman Games" (Ludi Romani) held at the Circus in honour of Jupiter in 366 BC. They were timber-built, with wooden-framed service buildings, shops and entrance-ways beneath. Françoise Choay, (Trans. By this time, it may have been drained[17] but the wooden stands and seats would have frequently rotted and been rebuilt. There is talk in … In età augustea il Circo Massimo era lungo 621 metri, largo 118 e poteva ospitare 150.000 spettatori. At the early Circus Maximus, the sloping ground afforded the possibility of turf seating tiers at an early date – as imagined by, In the earliest exercise of the right, a curule chair would have been brought to the spot; its permanent positioning there is unlikely. I can unsubscribe any time using the unsubscribe link at the end of all emails. [24] From at least 174 BC, they were counted off using large sculpted eggs. The southeastern turn of the track ran between two shrines which may have predated the Circus' formal development. [25], Julius Caesar's development of the Circus, commencing around 50 BC, extended the seating tiers to run almost the entire circuit of the track, barring the starting gates and a processional entrance at the semi-circular end. Their divisions were fronted by herms that served as stops for spring-loaded gates, so that twelve light-weight, four-horse or two-horse chariots could be simultaneously released onto the track. Bojan e De Jong, probabilmente, di Milano non hanno ancora visto nemmeno il Duomo, eppure sono … In 33 BC, an additional system of large bronze dolphin-shaped lap counters was added, positioned well above the central dividing barrier (euripus) for maximum visibility. By the late Republic, ludi were held on 57 days of the year;[8] an unknown number of these would have required full use of the Circus. Commoners lounge or sit below, at ground level. Thanks to him, Rome had secured both a lasting peace and a new Egyptian Province. L’imponente struttura del Circo Massimo caratterizza tutt’oggi la topografia della città di Roma.. Edificato ai tempi di Tarquinio Prisco, ha in seguito avuto moltissimi mutamenti.La ricostruzione che abbiamo realizzato è relativa ad una particolare fase, quella in cui il circo nel 64 d. C. venne distrutto dall’incendio di epoca neroniana.In questo periodo il circo … Otherwise, it would have made a convenient corral for the animals traded in the nearby cattle market, just outside the starting gate. It offered opportunities for artistic embellishment and decorative swagger, and included the temples and statues of various deities, fountains, and refuges for those assistants involved in more dangerous circus activities, such as beast-hunts and the recovery of casualties during races. "[51] In the 12th century, a watercourse was dug there to drain the soil, and by the 16th century the area was used as a market garden. By the late 1st century AD, the Colosseum had been built to host most of the city's gladiator shows and smaller beast-hunts, and most track-athletes competed at the purpose-designed Stadium of Domitian, though long-distance foot races were still held at the Circus. Fires in the crowded, wooden perimeter workshops and bleachers were a far greater danger. Ever since its quarrying, long before Rome existed, the obelisk had been sacred to Egyptian Sun-gods. I want emails from Lonely Planet with travel and product information, promotions, advertisements, third-party offers, and surveys. Repairs to fire damage during his reign may already have been under way before his assassination. His grandson, Tarquinius Superbus, added the first seating for citizen-commoners (plebs, or plebeians), either adjacent or on the opposite, Aventine side of the track. The pulvinar was built on monumental scale, a shrine or temple (aedes) raised high above the trackside seats. [8], Even at the height of its development as a chariot-racing circuit, the circus remained the most suitable space in Rome for religious processions on a grand scale, and was the most popular venue for large-scale venationes;[12] in the late 3rd century, the emperor Probus laid on a spectacular Circus show in which beasts were hunted through a veritable forest of trees, on a specially built stage. Some included public executions. [29], The fire damage of 31 was probably repaired by Augustus (Caesar's successor and Rome's first emperor). [18], The games' sponsor (Latin editor) usually sat beside the images of attending gods, on a conspicuous, elevated stand (pulvinar) but seats at the track's perimeter offered the best, most dramatic close-ups. Life In Roman Times. The track width may have been determined by the distance between Murcia's and Consus' shrines at the southeastern end, and its length by the distance between these two shrines and Hercules' Ara Maxima, supposedly older than Rome itself and sited behind the Circus' starting place. The Roman Empire. [48] In the early Imperial era, Ovid describes the opening of Cerealia (mid to late April) with a horse race at the Circus,[49] followed by the nighttime release of foxes into the stadium, their tails ablaze with lighted torches. © 2020 Lonely Planet. In Rome's early days, the valley would have been rich agricultural land, prone to flooding from the river Tiber and the stream which divided the valley. His partner Luna drove her two-horse chariot (biga); together, they represented the predictable, orderly movement of the cosmos and the circuit of time, which found analogy in the Circus track. Chariot races were held at the Circo as far back as the 4th century BC, but it wasn’t until Trajan rebuilt it after the AD 64 fire that it reached its maximum grandeur. When no games were being held, the Circus at the time of Catullus (mid-1st century BC) was likely "a dusty open space with shops and booths ... a colourful crowded disreputable area"[9] frequented by "prostitutes, jugglers, fortune tellers and low-class performing artists. Lauren M. O'Connell), http://latindictionary.wikidot.com/noun:ludus, "The Roman Empire: in the First Century. In the Late Imperial period, both the southeastern turn and the circus itself were sometimes known as Vallis Murcia. The Circus Maximus (Latin for greatest or largest circus; Italian: Circo Massimo) is an ancient Roman chariot-racing stadium and mass entertainment venue in Rome, Italy. See, Livy has the plebs seated "promiscuously" (. When Murcia's stream was partly built over, to form a dividing barrier (the spina or euripus)[44] between the turning posts, her shrine was either retained or rebuilt. On 14 July 2007, the British rock band Genesis performed a concert before an estimated audience of 500,000 people. Others were enlarged at enormous expense to fit the entire space. His sacred obelisk towered over the arena, set in the central barrier, close to his temple and the finishing line. Situato nella valle tra il Palatino e l'Aventino, è ricordato come sede di giochi sin dagli inizi della storia della città: … Ludi were sponsored by leading Romans or the Roman state for the benefit of the Roman people (populus Romanus) and gods. In theory, they might have accommodated up to 25 four-horse chariots (Quadrigas) abreast but when team-racing was introduced,[22] they were widened, and their number reduced. E’ proprio un mosaico, infatti, il Milan ultima edizione e ancora non se ne intravede la composizione finale. Chariot Races", "Mysteries of the Nile – A World of Obelisks: Rome", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8Thra4T80c)-, http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/c195a43af063a416da53a7ec15430ef2, Virtual 3D reconstruction of the Roman Forum, Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum, Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circus_Maximus&oldid=987986310, Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Rome, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz place identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of, This page was last edited on 10 November 2020, at 11:50. [41] The other was at the southeastern turning-post; where there was an underground shrine to Consus, a minor god of grain-stores, connected to the grain-goddess Ceres and to the underworld. Dopo l’incendio di Nerone la capienza era aumentata fino a 250.000 spettatori, per raggiungere nel IV secolo d. C. l’impressionante cifra di 385.000 posti a sedere. Overlooking everything is the medieval Torre della Moletta. [38] The emperor Domitian built a new, multi-storey palace on the Palatine, connected somehow to the Circus; he likely watched the games in autocratic style, from high above and barely visible to those below. A venatio held there in 169 BC, one of several in the 2nd century, employed "63 leopards and 40 bears and elephants", with spectators presumably kept safe by a substantial barrier. {"Bottom left":{"textstyle":"static","textpositionstatic":"bottom","textautohide":true,"textpositionmarginstatic":0,"textpositiondynamic":"bottomleft","textpositionmarginleft":24,"textpositionmarginright":24,"textpositionmargintop":24,"textpositionmarginbottom":24,"texteffect":"slide","texteffecteasing":"easeOutCubic","texteffectduration":600,"texteffectslidedirection":"left","texteffectslidedistance":30,"texteffectdelay":500,"texteffectseparate":false,"texteffect1":"slide","texteffectslidedirection1":"right","texteffectslidedistance1":120,"texteffecteasing1":"easeOutCubic","texteffectduration1":600,"texteffectdelay1":1000,"texteffect2":"slide","texteffectslidedirection2":"right","texteffectslidedistance2":120,"texteffecteasing2":"easeOutCubic","texteffectduration2":600,"texteffectdelay2":1500,"textcss":"display:block; padding:12px; text-align:left;","textbgcss":"display:none;","titlecss":"display:block; position:relative; font:bold 14px Georgia,serif,Arial; color:#fff;","descriptioncss":"display:block; position:relative; font:12px Georgia,serif,Arial; color:#fff; margin-top:8px;","buttoncss":"display:block; position:relative; margin-top:8px;","texteffectresponsive":true,"texteffectresponsivesize":640,"titlecssresponsive":"font-size:12px;","descriptioncssresponsive":"display:none !important;","buttoncssresponsive":"","addgooglefonts":false,"googlefonts":"","textleftrightpercentforstatic":40}}. Temples to several deities overlooked the Circus; most are now lost. Occasionally, his family would join him there. Some repairs were unforeseen and extensive, such as those carried out in Diocletian's reign, after the collapse of a seating section killed some 13,000 people.[40]. [42] The position of Consus' shrine at the turn of the track recalls the placing of shrines to Roman Neptune's Greek equivalent, Poseidon, in Greek hippodromes. [45] The symbols used to count race-laps also held religious significance; Castor and Pollux, who were born from an egg, were patrons of horses, horsemen, and the equestrian order (equites). [39], The risk of further fire-damage, coupled with Domitian's fate, may have prompted Trajan's decision to rebuild the Circus entirely in stone, and provide a new pulvinar in the stands where Rome's emperor could be seen and honoured as part of the Roman community, alongside their gods. [43] In later developments, the altar of Consus, as one of the Circus' patron deities, was incorporated into the fabric of the south-eastern turning post. Its front sections along the central straight were reserved for senators, and those immediately behind for equites. Un’altra ricostruzione ci presenta la struttura in epoca severiana. [31] Augustus had it brought from Heliopolis[32] at enormous expense, and erected midway along the dividing barrier of the Circus. According to Roman tradition, Romulus discovered this shrine shortly after the founding of Rome. In this quasi-legendary era, horse or chariot races would have been held at the Circus site. In 494 BC (very early in the Republican era) the dictator Manius Valerius Maximus and his descendants were granted rights to a curule chair at the southeastern turn, an excellent viewpoint for the thrills and spills of chariot racing. harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHumphrey1986 (, Described by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 7.72.1–13, supplemented by, Extraordinarily long races of up to 128 miles, if. [20], Permanent wooden starting stalls were built in 329 BC. The stalls were allocated by lottery, and the various racing teams were identified by their colors. During these distractions, Romulus's men then abducted the Sabine daughters as brides. [46] In Imperial cosmology, the emperor was Sol-Apollo's earthly equivalent, and Luna may have been linked to the empress. "[33], The site remained prone to flooding,[34] probably through the starting gates, until Claudius made improvements there; they probably included an extramural anti-flooding embankment. The 600m track circled a … [5], During Rome's Republican era, the aediles organized the games. Over the several centuries of its development, the Circus Maximus became Rome's paramount specialist venue for chariot races. Media related to Circus Maximus at Wikimedia Commons, Coordinates: 41°53′09″N 12°29′09″E / 41.8859°N 12.4857°E / 41.8859; 12.4857. [citation needed] Luna's temple, built long before Apollo's, burned down in the Great Fire of 64 AD and was probably not replaced. View of the Circus site from the south-east. The Circus was Rome's largest venue for ludi, public games connected to Roman religious festivals. [14], The Circus Maximus was sited on the level ground of the Valley of Murcia (Vallis Murcia), between Rome's Aventine and Palatine Hills. In questo periodo il circo non presentava ancora l’arco nel centro della curva che fu costruito più tardi all’epoca di Tito. [16] Otherwise, the Circus was probably still little more than a trackway through surrounding farmland. This concert was filmed and released on a DVD called When in Rome 2007. Aventine temples to Venus Obsequens, Mercury and Dis (or perhaps Summanus) stood on the slopes above the southeast turn. This is the Circus described by Dionysius of Halicarnassus as "one of the most beautiful and admirable structures in Rome", with "entrances and ascents for the spectators at every shop, so that the countless thousands of people may enter and depart without inconvenience. One, at the outer southeast perimeter, was dedicated to the valley's eponymous goddess Murcia, an obscure deity associated with Venus, the myrtle shrub, a sacred spring, the stream that divided the valley, and the lesser peak of the Aventine Hill. Thus the famous Roman myth of the Rape of the Sabine women had as its setting the Circus and the Consualia. [26] The track measured approximately 621 m (2,037 ft) in length and 150 m (387 ft) in breadth. The wooden bleachers were damaged in a fire of 31 BC, either during or after construction. It is often used for concerts and meetings. Their importance grew with the introduction of Roman cult to Apollo, and the development of Stoic and solar monism as a theological basis for the Roman Imperial cult. In May 2019, a new virtual/augmented reality experience, the Circo Maximo Experience, opened on the site, taking visitors on a journey through the site and its history. The Sun-god was the ultimate, victorious charioteer, driving his four-horse chariot (quadriga) through the heavenly circuit from sunrise to sunset. All rights reserved. The site is now a public park. "[10], Rome's emperors met the ever-burgeoning popular demand for regular ludi and the need for more specialised venues, as essential obligations of their office and cult. [19] In the 190s BC, stone track-side seating was built, exclusively for senators. L’imponente struttura del Circo Massimo caratterizza tutt’oggi la topografia della città di Roma. Likewise, the later use of dolphin-shaped lap counters reinforced associations between the races, swiftness, and Neptune, as god of earthquakes and horses; the Romans believed dolphins to be the swiftest of all creatures. Video of celebrations after Italy won the 2006 World Cup Finals in Germany. Several festivals, some of uncertain foundation and date, were held at the Circus in historical times. prior to the erection there of Titus' triumphal arch, is assumed by most modern sources. Beneath the outer stands, next to the Circus' multiple entrances, were workshops and shops. [52] Many of the Circus's standing structures survived these changes; in 1587, two obelisks were removed from the central barrier by Pope Sixtus V, and one of these was re-sited at the Piazza del Popolo. [7], As Rome's provinces expanded, existing ludi were embellished and new ludi invented by politicians who competed for divine and popular support. Now a huge basin of dusty grass, Circo Massimo was ancient Rome’s largest chariot racetrack, a 250,000-seater capable of holding up to a quarter of the city’s population. [3], Ludi ranged in duration and scope from one-day or even half-day events to spectacular multi-venue celebrations held over several days, with religious ceremonies and public feasts, horse and chariot racing, athletics, plays and recitals, beast-hunts and gladiator fights. The turning posts (metae), each made of three conical stone pillars, may have been the earliest permanent Circus structures; an open drainage canal between the posts would have served as a dividing barrier. A canal was cut between the track perimeter and its seating to protect spectators and help drain the track. No part of this site may be reproduced without our written permission. Ti servono contenuti multimediali sul Circo Massimo? Games and festivals continued at the Circus, which was rebuilt over several years to the same footprint and design. [13] With the advent of Christianity as the official religion of the Empire, ludi gradually fell out of favour. In 167 BC, "flute players, scenic artists and dancers" performed on a temporary stage, probably erected between the two central seating banks. 28 reviews of Circo Massimo "There really isn't much to see in it's current state...it's just a grassy oval park (that is below street level) where chariot races and other competitions were held. [53] Mid 19th century workings at the circus site uncovered the lower parts of a seating tier and outer portico. [11] Eventually, 135 days of the year were devoted to ludi. It was Rome's first obelisk, an exotically sacred object and a permanent reminder of Augustus' victory over his Roman foes and their Egyptian allies in the recent civil wars. A processional entrance at the semi-circular end,. The temples to Ceres and Flora stood close together on the Aventine, more or less opposite the Circus' starting gate, which remained under Hercules' protection. The Circus Maximus (Latin for greatest or largest circus; Italian: Circo Massimo) is an ancient Roman chariot-racing stadium and mass entertainment venue in Rome, Italy.In the gap between the Aventine … [36], By the late 1st century AD, the central dividing barrier comprised a series of water basins, or else a single watercourse open in some places and bridged over in others. La ricostruzione che abbiamo realizzato è relativa ad una particolare fase, quella in cui il circo nel 64 d. C. venne distrutto dall’incendio di epoca neroniana. See, Etruscan tomb paintings of chariot races offer a possible seating model for this earliest phase; noble sponsors and other dignitaries sit in elevated stands, complete with awning. Sarebbe stato però Tarquinio Prisco ad allestire per la prima volta uno spazio destinato alle gare equestri, costruendo sedili di legno per ospitare gli spettatori, chiamati “fori publici”. After the loss of her temple, her cult may have been transferred to Sol's temple on the dividing barrier, or one beside it; both would have been open to the sky.[47]. On the Palatine hill, opposite to Ceres's temple, stood the temple to Magna Mater and, more or less opposite Luna's temple, one to the sun-god Apollo. Further southeast along the Aventine was a temple to Luna, the moon goddess. The Circus has also hosted victory celebrations, following the Italian World Cup 2006 victory and the A.S. Roma Serie A victory in 1983 and 2001. After the 6th century, the Circus fell into disuse and decay, and was quarried for building materials. Sometimes, while games were in progress, Augustus watched from there, alongside the gods. [2] In its fully developed form, it became the model for circuses throughout the Roman Empire. Nei secoli successivi la pista venne divisa in due corsie da una spina centrale, i carceres furono ricostruiti in muratura, si costruì sul lato verso il Palatino un’area sacra destinata agli dei che presiedevano i giochi chiamata “pulvinar” e la struttura del Circo venne sempre più ampliata. [35] In AD 64, during Nero's reign, fire broke out at the semi-circular end of the Circus, swept through the stands and shops, and destroyed much of the city. Tarquin might have employed the plebs in constructing a conduit or drain (cloaca) for Murcia's stream, discharging into the Tiber. The most costly and complex of the ludi offered opportunities to assess an aedile's competence, generosity, and fitness for higher office. Since then, a series of excavations has exposed further sections of the seating, curved turn and central barrier but further exploration has been limited by the scale, depth and waterlogging of the site.[1]. See, It was quarried and first dedicated in the reign of. [6] Some Circus events, however, seem to have been relatively small and intimate affairs. Most were held annually or at annual intervals on the Roman calendar. He invented the Consualia festival, as a way of gathering his Sabine neighbours at a celebration that included horse-races and drinking. [32] In 1852 a gas works was built on the site by the Anglo-Italian Gas Society. The Aventine was a predominantly plebeian area. If Nero had grander plans for the Circus, they ended with his suicide under compulsion, after a coup d'etat in AD 68. Secondo la tradizione, Romolo avrebbe istituito delle corse di carri in onore del dio Conso, una divinità infera venerata presso un altare sotterraneo che si trovava nella valle tra Palatino e Aventino. In Roman tradition, the earliest triumphal ludi at the Circus were vowed by Tarquin the Proud to Jupiter in the late Regal era for his victory over Pometia. [23] Typically, there were seven laps per race. Sun and Moon cults were probably represented at the Circus from its earliest phases. They were gated, brightly painted,[21] and staggered to equalise the distances from each start place to the central barrier. [37], In AD 81 the Senate built a triple arch honoring Titus at the semi-circular end of the Circus, to replace or augment a former processional entrance. The outer tiers, two thirds of the total, were meant for Roman plebs and non-citizens. On many other days, charioteers and jockeys would need to practice on its track. Scopri le altre ricostruzioni nella stessa categoria. The stream was probably bridged at an early date, at the two points where the track had to cross it, and the earliest races would have been held within an agricultural landscape, "with nothing more than turning posts, banks where spectators could sit, and some shrines and sacred spots". On 2 July 2005, the Rome concert of Live 8 was held there. In the gap between the Aventine and Palatine hills, it was the first and largest stadium in ancient Rome and its later Empire. The last known beast-hunt at the Circus Maximus took place in 523, and the last known races there were held by Totila in 549. [27] The inner third of the seating formed a trackside cavea. The Rolling Stones played there in front of 71,527 people on June 22, 2014 for the Italian date of their 14 On Fire tour. By the late Republican or early Imperial era, there were twelve stalls. A fire of 36 AD seems to have started in a basket-maker's workshop under the stands, on the Aventine side; the emperor Tiberius compensated various small businesses there for their losses. In the Imperial era, the Sun-god was divine patron of the Circus and its games. Now a huge basin of dusty grass, Circo Massimo was ancient Rome’s largest chariot racetrack, a 250,000-seater capable of holding up to a quarter of the city’s population.
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