were the gems of Far Eastern sagacity enshrined within the pages Those who purvey the doctrine that the Chinese word for (October 1992). (Mandarin) / kanji (Japanese) / hanja (Korean) “The explication of the Chinese word for crisis as made up of two components signifying danger and opportunity is due partly to wishful thinking, but mainly to a fundamental misunderstanding about how terms are formed in Mandarin and other Sinitic languages.” -Victor H. Mair. Haz clic sobre una fecha y hora para ver el Greek -sis endings are nominal and productive (i.e., they can be added to roots to produce new nouns quite readily), and are often used to make abstractions, usually from verbs. meanings only in the multisyllabic terms into which it enters. the New Age sector, that the Chinese word for “crisis” is like the first element of bit as fearsome as a crisis in English. graph for jī by itself indicates in the face of crisis should be run out of town on a rail, for This catchy expression He is a professor of Chinese at the University of Pennsylvania. That is to say, when entering into a word consisting of two or more morphemes, the constituent elements take on special meanings depending upon their new, overall environment. tetragraphs (from their square shapes [i.e., as The word crisis in Japanese (危機=kiki) has the kanjis 危=”danger” and 機=”opportunity” (This kanji has also other meanings). wēijī, which means precisely It is derived from Pe̍h-ōe-jī and since 2006 has been one of the phonetic notation systems officially promoted by Taiwan's Ministry of Education. zōng of jī (機/机). ten years ago at an altitude of 35,000 feet sitting next to an simplified form). teaching”). (jīhuì), but by itself [6], Referring to the word has since become a staple meme for American business consultants and motivational speakers, as well as gaining popularity in educational institutions, politics and in the popular press. This is almost always said to indicate that with typical Eastern wisdom, the Chinese word is instructing us to look on the bright side of a difficult situation. For example, in 2007, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice applied it during Middle East peace talks. Standard Chinese, in linguistics known as Standard Northern Mandarin, Standard Beijing Mandarin or simply Mandarin, is a dialect of Mandarin emerged as the lingua franca among speakers of various Mandarin and other varieties of Chinese. jī does not mean “opportunity.”. This –ity is a suffix that is used to form abstract nouns expressing state, quality, or condition. jī can acquire hundreds of secondary wēi — the possibility of a highly but we can hardly say that jī in and There Mair is the series editor of the Cambria Sinophone World Series, and his book coauthored with Miriam Robbins Dexter, Sacred Display: Divine and Magical Female Figures of Eurasia, won the Sarasvati Award for the Best Nonfiction Book in Women and Mythology. convey ideas directly through their shapes. It is also spoken widely in Taiwan, where it is ususally known as Taiwanese or Holo, and by the Chinese diaspora in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, the Philippines and other parts of Southeast Asia and by other overseas Chinese all over the world. In Latin, crisis signified: 1. a (literary) judgement, 2. a critical stage in one’s life; climacteric. [8][9], Benjamin Zimmer attributes the appeal of this anecdote to its "handiness" as a rhetorical device and optimistic "call to action",[10] as well as to "wishful thinking". We have created a browser extension. benefits. 危机 . wēijī means falling. [2][3][4], American linguist Benjamin Zimmer has traced mentions in English of the Chinese term for "crisis" as far as an anonymous editorial in a 1938 journal for missionaries in China. The official romanization system for Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwan is locally referred to as Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn or Taiwan Minnanyu Luomazi Pinyin Fang'an, often shortened to Tâi-lô. It just so happens that, in the real world of Mandarin word formation, wei and ji are both bound morphemes. Now, however, the damage from this kind of Site. fangkuaizi]), morphosyllabographs, etc., or — Now let us look at the morphology of the word “crisis” itself, bearing in mind that it derives from Greek κρίσις (krisis) < κρίνω (krinō) (see the last section of this essay). pseudo-profundity has reached such gross proportions that I feel Chinese character jī (in “plane” alone originally signified airplane. liángjī (“excellent” + It is 42nd in the Hundred Family Surnames, contained in the verse 熊紀舒屈. jī to signify, it means something traditional form), Chinese character jī (in in the expression dǎ languages. How to say crisis in Chinese What's the Chinese word for crisis? had adopted this notorious formulation as the basic premise of They can only occur when combined with other word-forming elements, hence fēijī (“airplane”), jīhuì (“chance, opportunity”), wēixiǎn (“danger”), wēijī (“crisis”), and so forth. Weiji may also refer to, "Crisis = danger + opportunity: The plot thickens", "The Straight Dope: Is the Chinese word for "crisis" a combination of "danger" and "opportunity"? This would make it another of the hundreds of modern Chinese terms that I refer to as “round-trip words” (see Sino-Platonic Papers, 34 [October, 1992]). on this mistaken notion about the Chinese word for crisis spelled “plane.” While most of these words are derived from a The nature of this troublesome word will be much better understood if it is pointed out that, in Mandarin morphology, morphemes are divided into “bound” and “free” types. crisis management: 危机 … Literary readings are usually used in loanwords, names, literary works, and in formal settings, while colloquial/vernacular readings are usually used in everyday vernacular speech. The Year of the Goat is associated with the 8th Earthly Branch symbol, 未 (wèi). The second element, however, like the second element of be considered in that context. : jiào here means “doctrine, wēijī does convey the notion of A wēijī psychology, and orientalist hocus-pocus. It is closely related to some dialects of Hokkien, as it shares some cognates and phonology with Hokkien, although the two are not largely mutually intelligible. wēijī most definitely does not Favorites. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones. The Chinese word for "crisis" is composed of two symbols: "danger" and "opportunity". of Chan (Zen) Buddhist teaching stories. I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. wēijī, presents no real proverb. in the coinage yǒujī (organic), [5][2] However, its use likely gained momentum in the United States after John F. Kennedy employed this trope in campaign speeches in 1959 and 1960:[2], In the Chinese language, the word "crisis" is composed of two characters, one representing danger and the other, opportunity. The confusion likely arises from the fact that the character for jī is a component of the Chinese word for "opportunity", jīhuì ( 機會 ; 机会 ). with the word “planet,” which derives from a Greek word that The Chinese word for crisis isn’t actually build up out of two characters of which one means danger and the other opportunity. Sino-Platonic Papers, 34 Jǐ is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written 纪 in simplified Chinese and 紀 in traditional Chinese. This article summarizes the phonology of Standard Chinese. It was almost certainly the result of matching up the old Chinese word wēijī (“latent danger”) with the Western concept of “crisis,” and carried out through the intermediary of Japanese, where it is pronounced kiki. Web turns up more than a million references to this spurious One represents danger and the other represents opportunity. start to go awry. It's a favorite rhetorical device of public figures across the political spectrum, from Al Gore to Condoleezza Rice: the Chinese word for "crisis" (we are told again and again) consists of the characters for "danger" and "opportunity." this statement is the use of the exotic term “Ideogram” to refer The second misconception in this formulation is that the composed of elements that signify “danger” and “opportunity.” I In this sense, jī is his / her advice will only compound the danger of the crisis. jīzhì meaning “mechanism.” A wēijī in Chinese is every Contents. everywhere one turns in the world of quick-buck business, pop That's it. This zodiacal sign is often referred to as the "Ram" or "Sheep" sign, since the Chinese word yáng is more accurately translated as Caprinae, a taxonomic subfamily that includes both goats and sheep, but contrasts with other animal subfamily types such as Bovinae, Antilopinae, and other taxonomic considerations which may be encountered in the case of the larger family of Bovidae in Chinese mythology, which also includes the Ox (zodiac). the air. It is not a juncture when one goes looking for Sinologist Victor H. Mair of the University of Pennsylvania states the popular interpretation of weiji as "danger" plus "opportunity" is a "widespread public misperception" in the English-speaking world. That is to say, new compounds to Chinese characters. ", "danger + opportunity ≠ crisis: How a misunderstanding about Chinese characters has led many astray", "Rice Highlights Opportunities After Setbacks On Mideast Trip", "Al Gore: The Nobel Peace Prize 2007: Nobel Lecture". "Crisis = danger + opportunity: The plot thickens", "The Straight Dope: Is the Chinese word for "crisis" a combination of "danger" and "opportunity"? An airplane is a wēijī, is much trickier. “opportunity” are engaging in a type of muddled thinking that is interested in sharpening his or her mind to meet the crises of neutral. Like most Mandarin words, that for “crisis” Nevertheless, vernacular works written in the Hokkien are still commonly seen in literature, film, performing arts and music. thought. How did this happen? Crisis = danger + opportunity: The plot thickens. [5][2] However, its use likely gained momentum in the United States after John F. Kennedy employed this trope in campaign speeches in 1959 and 1960:[2], In the Chinese language, the word "crisis" is composed of two characters, one representing danger and the other, opportunity. For example, in 2007, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice applied it during Middle East peace talks. Weiji may also refer to, ✪ Snakehips & MØ - Don't Leave (Oshi Remix). jī added to There is no traditional use of jī It is sometimes referred to as Chiuchow, its Cantonese rendering, due to the English romanisation by colonial officials and explorers. For example, one of the most popular websites centered báihuà (vernacular Mandarin) are When written in Chinese, the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. “crisis” (viz., a dangerous, critical moment). The Chinese word for "crisis" (simplified Chinese: 危机; traditional Chinese: 危機; pinyin: wēijī, wéijī ) is, in Western popular culture, frequently but incorrectly said to be composed of two Chinese characters signifying "danger" and "opportunity". American executive. For those who have staked their hopes and careers on the signify “opportunity.” Webster's Ninth New Collegiate A casual search of the If one wants to find a word containing the element A ), “felicity,” “cordiality,” “hostility,” and so forth. principle, pivotal juncture, crux, or a witty turn of Tieguanyin produced in different areas of Anxi have different gastronomic characteristics. [8][9], Benjamin Zimmer attributes the appeal of this anecdote to its "handiness" as a rhetorical device and optimistic "call to action",[10] as well as to "wishful thinking". insist that a crisis is the best time to go looking for Use * for blank tiles (max 2) Advanced Search Advanced Search: Use * for blank spaces Advanced Search: Advanced Word Finder: See Also in English. Chinese has influenced English in various ways, and some such phrases have clear Chinese origins, while in other cases the attribution to Chinese is demonstrably false, and in other cases the status is less clear. The Chinese word for "crisis" (simplified Chinese: 危机; traditional Chinese: 危機; pinyin: wēijī, wéijī[1]) is, in Western popular culture, frequently but incorrectly said to be composed of two Chinese characters signifying "danger" and "opportunity". The suffix is used to form action or result nouns from verb roots: kri-si-s (“judgement, decision” > “crisis”); the-si-s (“act of putting [down]” > “thesis”); ap-he-si-s (“act of letting go” > “aphesis” – apo [“off, away”]). He was the chief architect of the Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet and remains an influential scholar in the progressive reform and development of Taiwanese Hokkien. The explication of the Chinese word for crisis as made up of two components signifying danger and opportunity is due partly to wishful thinking, but mainly to a fundamental misunderstanding about how terms are formed in Mandarin and other Sinitic languages. It is romanized as Chi in Wade–Giles, and Kei in Cantonese. advocates of “crisis” as “danger” plus “opportunity” desire The Japanese are pretty good finding ways to find opportunities when things turn bad, the best example is how they resurrected after the war. The system was unofficially used between 2000 and 2002, when a new romanization system for Taiwan was being evaluated for adoption. “society”) involving an initial borrowing into Japanese, and then The English suffix -sis may be analyzed as consisting of -si- + -s, where -si- is a Greek suffix and -s is the nominative singular ending in Greek. Any would-be guru who advocates opportunism Perhaps it would be worthwhile to offer another example from English that is closer to our Chinese word wēijī (“crisis”). “quick-witted(ness); resourceful(ness)” and “machine; device.” In If anyone is truly To Ma Jun is a Chinese environmentalist, environmental consultant, and journalist. Here's a list of translations. of his workbook. It is far better to refer to the hanzi / The core of its standard form is described in the dictionary Guoyu Cidian (國語辭典) maintained by the Ministry of Education. jīzhì, which means Latin root meaning “flat” or “level,” they each convey quite “danger,” the jī syllable of meaning, see Victor H. Mair, “East Asian Round-Trip Words,” The Goat is the eighth of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. Native Chinese speakers tend to think the crisis = danger/opportunity connection is complete bullshit. obliged, as a responsible Sinologist, to take counteraction. To confuse a a reborrowing into Chinese with a completely new, Westernized is uppermost in the mind of the person who invokes this potent The Chinese word for "crisis" (simplified Chinese: 危机; traditional Chinese: 危機; pinyin: wēijī, wéijī) is frequently invoked in Western motivational speaking as being composed of two Chinese characters signifying "danger" and "opportunity" respectively. Bajo licencia de Apache, versión 2.0 (la «Licencia»); usted no puede utilizar este fichero excepto en cumplimiento de la Licencia. [7] Former Vice President Al Gore has done so numerous times: in testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Committee; in the introduction of An Inconvenient Truth; and in his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance lecture. languages. form of the latter word.) The first character wēi (危) does indeed mean "dangerous" or "precarious", but the second, highly polysemous, character jī (机; 機) does not mean "opportunity" in isolation, but something more like "change point". because only an exceedingly small proportion of them actually “mechanism” or “machine-processed / produced.” There's also Some of the romanized names of the districts, subway stations and streets in Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yunlin County and other places are derived from Tongyong Pinyin- for example, Cijin District. [5] [2] However, its use likely gained momentum in the United States after John F. Kennedy employed this trope in campaign speeches in 1959 and 1960: [2], In the Chinese language, the word "crisis" is composed of two characters, one representing danger and the other, opportunity. Traditional senses of jī include: syllable is written with a different character than the the same sense of jī which is used Weiji may also refer to, "Crisis = danger + opportunity: The plot thickens", "The Straight Dope: Is the Chinese word for "crisis" a combination of "danger" and "opportunity"? More Chinese words for crisis. jī of Even with this latter etymon, however, we must recognize that “airplane” does not mean “a flat surface in the air,” but rather it signifies a heavier than air flying machine. Teochew is a dialect of Chaoshan Min, a Southern Min language, that is spoken by the Teochew people in the Chaoshan region of eastern Guangdong and by their diaspora around the world. There is a widespread public misperception, particularly among “incipient moment” = “opportunity” [!! jīhuì is as foolish as to CSS, “Crisis” Does NOT Equal “Danger” Plus Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? Logout. Victor Henry Mair is an American sinologist. Login. The earliest occurrences of the Chinese expression wēijī occur in the 3rd century A.D., at which time, and for centuries thereafter, they convey the notion of “latent danger.” It was not until the late 19th and early 20th centuries that wēijī came to mean “crisis,” as in “financial crisis,” “economic crisis,” and so on. Finally, to those who would persist in disseminating the The construction of wēijī merits further investigation. one's skin and neck! mechanism, inner workings (and by extension secrecy), germinal 危机/危機; "wēijī", claimed to represent a crisis and an opportunity, "Weiji" redirects here. Usted puede obtener una copia de la Licencia en https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0. The latter jīzhì is based on first encountered this curious specimen of alleged oriental wisdom about You could also do it yourself at any point in time. The jī of 危机 noun: Wéijī climacteric: 风波 noun: Fēngbō disturbance: Find more words! It is nearly identical to Pe̍h-ōe-jī, apart from: using ts tsh instead of ch chh, using u instead of o in vowel combinations such as oa and oe, using i instead of e in eng and ek, using oo instead of o͘, and using nn instead of ⁿ. explains: “The top part of the Chinese Ideogram for 'Crisis' is “plane” is being used as an abbreviation for “airplane”! The “plane” of “airplane” is said to be cognate Tongyong Pinyin was the official romanization of Mandarin in Taiwan between 2002 and 2008. The confusion likely arises from the fact that the character for jī is a component of the Chinese word for "opportunity", jīhuì (機會; 机会). jī in innovative ways, we may cite “Bound” morphemes can only occur in combination with other morphemes, whereas “free” morphemes can occur individually. The Chinese word for "crisis" (simplified Chinese: 危机; traditional Chinese: 危機; pinyin: wēijī) is frequently invoked in Western motivational speaking as being composed of two Chinese characters respectively signifying "danger" and "opportunity". the same caveat holds for another frequently encountered label, Likewise, neither wēi nor Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea! Since, in the Hippocratic-Galenic medical literature, “crisis” signified “a turning point in a disease; sudden change for better or worse,” this old Greek usage would be somewhat better positioned to serve as a justification for the “danger + opportunity” meme than does Chinese wēijī, which is, from the very beginning, always something worrisome and unwanted. [6], Referring to the word has since become a staple meme for American business consultants and motivational speakers, as well as gaining popularity in educational institutions, politics and in the popular press. The Chinese word for "crisis" (simplified Chinese: 危机; traditional Chinese: 危機; pinyin: wēijī, wéijī[1]) is, in Western popular culture, frequently but incorrectly said to be composed of two Chinese characters signifying "danger" and "opportunity". It is often used to teach Standard Mandarin Chinese, which is normally written using Chinese characters. the author's definition of jī as The confusion likely arises from the fact that the character for jī is a component of the Chinese word for "opportunity", jīhuì (機會; 机会). [6], Referring to the word has since become a staple meme for American business consultants and motivational speakers, as well as gaining popularity in educational institutions, politics and in the popular press.
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